The Chinese Revolution Essay - 779 Words

As many other countries around the world China has its long history of a struggle for equality and prosperity against tyrants and dictatorships. The establishment of People’s Republic of China in 1949 seemed to have put an end to that struggle for a better life. â€Å"The Chinese people have stood up!† declared Mao Tse-tung, the chairman of China’s Communist Party (CPP) – a leading political force in the country for the time. The people were defined as a coalition of four social classes: the workers, the peasants, the petite bourgeoisie and the national-capitalists. The four classes were to be led buy the CPP, as the leader of the working class. For the first time in decades a new Chinese government was met with peace and hope, instead of†¦show more content†¦And finally the communists had ambitious plans to rapidly industrialize the country and within 15-20 years surpass world’s industrial leaders such as England or America. At first these plans along with an extremely ingenious propaganda campaign stirred great optimism and productivity within the Chinese people, but as years went by the initial flare and excitement went out and few of these promises, reforms and goals had been reached. In some cases the promises were lies. The real actions of the Communist party showed quite a different picture than the lie of democracy that it was feeding the people. The new government never was a democratic one. As a matter of fact it was a dictatorship controlled by the China’s Communist Party (CCP). Throughout the years the communist government consistently and cruelly suppressed any attempts for the country’s democratization. But some of the promises made to the people were fulfilled. In a few short years Chinese peasants were moved from their small plots of land into large communes and cooperatives. On these communes very had enough to eat, everyone shared the work, and there was a real sense of community. The Chinese government set up a wide system of primary schools. For the first time in all of China’s history the majority of the population received a complete basic education. Even though the government’s â€Å"Great Leap Forward† program didn’t putShow MoreRelatedThe Chinese Revolution of 19491633 Words   |  7 PagesThe Chinese revolution of 1949 Introduction The declaration of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 by the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong signified a revolution in China that brought an end to the costliest civil war in Chinese history between the Nationalist Party or Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that had lasted a period of 22 years from 1927 to 1949. The Chinese revolution of 1949 signified the beginning of an era of Communist Chinese rule ushered in by theRead MoreThe Rise Of The Chinese Revolution1166 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of revolts, wars and uprisings that took place in China during its revolution years and the product of these can be classified as positive or negative outcome depending on one’s point of view. The Chinese revolutionaries made a gigantic impact on their history and they have proven that the power of the people is stronger than the people in power. This paper presents an overview of the circumstances after the revolution took place, the abolishment of the imperial China, the rise of the RepublicRead MoreChinese Cultural Revolution717 Words   |  3 PagesThe Chinese Cultural Revolution A revolution is not a dinner party or writing an essay or painting a picture or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous- Mao said in 1927 to a youth activist The reason for china to trying to become such a new generation was solely the opinion of Mao and his followers. Mao had seen the way the Russian revolution had goneRead MoreThe Chinese Communist Revolution686 Words   |  3 PagesThe Chinese Communist Revolution succeeded to dispose of capitalism and imperialism. 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However, revolutionary Che Guevara stated in an interview with Liberation 1965, â€Å"A revolution is not an apple that falls when it is ripe. You have to make it fall†. Guevara relays the notion that there is no spontaneity regarding the causes of a revolution, but rather active efforts based on strong incentives. An imperative example of Guevara’sRead MoreChinese Revolution Of 1911 Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagestwo revolutions (one in 1911 and one in 1949) and a civil war. From these events, a new China rose; governed not by its traditional Imperial system, but under the iron grip of communism. While the Chinese Communist Revolution is the most well known, in order to more clearly understand the series of events that took place and their causes, one must go deeper. The conditions that made the communist revolution possible were set up in the in the prior revolution and beyond. Leading to Revolution TheRead MoreThe Chinese Cultural Revolution : China1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Chinese Cultural Revolution The history of China is a vast and extremely enriching topic. Stretching for thousands of years, Chinese culture has been able to grow and expand thanks to the help from others. Between the 13th and the 20th centuries especially, China has a multicultural and ethnical revolution. There is not just one thing that sets off this expansion, but multiple factors that will be discussed in detail through out this essay thanks to the Cambridge Illustrated Edition of ChinaRead MoreThe Chinese Revolution By Ha Jin948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Chinese Revolution was a period when China underwent a lot of political, social, and economical issues. This is the setting that Chinese-American author Ha Jin used for one of his novels called Waiting. This novel portrays a kind of self-made image of how China was during its revolution and its intentions of becoming an industrialized country. In the novel the main character Lin Kong is married to a woman named Shuyu. Lin’s parents wanted him to m arry Shuyu for the sole reason of the care that

Themes of Love and Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

Themes of Love and Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet Love is one of the most powerful themes in Hamlet, but a superior force - REVENGE, drives Hamlets love. Revenge of his fathers murder. Hamlet is confused and melancholic over the fact that his mother married his own uncle and so quickly after his fathers death. Even though he does not immediately suspect foul play in his fathers untimely death, he is in a state of shock. As Kenneth Muir states, He (Hamlet) is profoundly shocked by Gertrudes marriage to his uncle in less than two months after her first husbands death, although he has no conscious suspicion that his father has been murdered or that his mother had committed adultery. The ghost scene seems to fuel Hamlets†¦show more content†¦Paul Cantor states that Hamlet continually hesitates to act because he will not allow himself to be swept away by his passions. His intellect is constantly leading him to deny meaning to the very acts he feels impelled to perform. To clear any uncertainty as to whether or not Claudius murdered his father, Hamlet decides to set him up. Hamlet plans a mouse trap for Claudius in which he sets up a play, for the King and Queen, to be a murder tragedy. Hamlet hopes to see Claudiuss reaction towards the murder scene in hope of establishing his guilt. The Plays the thing Wherein Ill catch the conscience of the king. (II, ii, 589-591) The play works but Hamlet does not sweep to his revenge. Why not, is he worried about Ophelia being caught up on his attempted murder? William Hazlitt states, When Hamlet is most bound to act, he remains puzzled, undecided, and sceptical, dallies with his purpose, till the occasion is lost, and finds out some pretence to relapse into indolence and thoughtfulness again. This is most likely the reason why Hamlet does not take advantage of the opportunity to kill the king when he is at his prayers. Hamlet can not have his revenge perfect as he wishes, so he declines it altogether. He kneels and prays, And now Ill dot and so he goes to heaven, And so am I revengd: that would be scannd. He killd my father, and for that, I his sole son, send him to heaven. Why this is reward, not revenge. Up sword and know thou a more horridShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Longing For Revenge1304 Words   |  6 PagesLonging for Revenge William Shakespeare was born in England in April of 1564 and was an English poet and playwright . Shakespeare is universally known as the greatest writer in the English language. Shakespeare frequently produced tragedies that are continuously acted out today, along with many plays and sonnets.. Although Shakespeare is seen today as a great writer who changed the world, his reputation did not rise to these heights until around the 19th century. In all of Shakespeare’s astoundingRead MoreEmily Bronte s Hamlet And Wuthering Heights 1307 Words   |  6 PagesRevenge in Hamlet and Wuthering Heights Abstract This concise paper is an analogical study. It consists of three parts; the first one defines the word revenge and explains where the theme of revenge comes from and how it has expended to other types of literary works until these days. The second part of the study, is supported by exemplifies Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet. The last part of the paper, provides Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s novel, Wuthering Heights as a good example; because one of the main themesRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 Pages How certain can one be that they will see tomorrow? How certain can one be that they will see the next second? In William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, all of the characters face uncertainty at some point in the story. The character of Hamlet is, for lack of a better term, a laggard; he procrastinates like no other, making him an uncertain character in his entirety. His most famous line is â€Å"To be, or not to be? That is the question.† The entire scene is about Hamlet’s uncertainty about suicideRead More Revenge In Hamlet Essay example1535 Words   |  7 Pages What do you consider to the main theme(s) of Hamlet? Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a complex play where many themes are intertwined – themes that are essential to the development of the play. The issue of death and disease, both physical and emotional is very prevalent throughout the duration of the play, as well as fate and divine providence. The play also questions madness and whether it can be feigned, as well as corruption and its moral implications. Of course, who could forget the famous ‘To beRead MoreHamlet- A Revenge Tragedy Essay705 Words   |  3 Pages Hamlet is one of Shakespeare’s most well-known tragedies. At first glance, it holds all of the common occurrences in a revenge tragedy which include plotting, ghosts, and madness, but its complexity as a story far transcends its functionality as a revenge tragedy. Revenge tragedies are often closely tied to the real or feigned madness in the play. Hamlet is such a complex revenge tragedy because there truly is a question about the sanity of the main character Prince Hamlet. Interestingly enoughRead MoreInternal Conflict And External Conflict In Shakespeares Hamlet711 Words   |  3 Pagesof the dramatic work. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, exhibits certain responses to external conflicts, which provoke internal conflicts and assert his character. The central inward conflict and the principal motive that this character experience is the delay in his revenge against Claudius which is caused by his conscience. The mental and emotional compl ications experienced by him throughout the play shape the events that occur. Hamlet battles his inner soul and supressesRead MoreHamlet As A Turning Point Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdefying much of the traditional rules set forth. Even so, Shakespeare’s plays can still show signs of Aristotle’s elements, and his methods can provide a deeper reading into plot, character, thought (theme), diction, song, and spectacle. By analyzing Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, using Aristotle’s six elements and his definition of a turning point, one is able to uncover Hamlet’s false madness and see that his true intentions are set on revenge. The six elements are described as the most importantRead MoreEssay about Theme of Madness Conveyed in Shakespeares Hamlet1150 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, one of the most evident and important themes is the theme of madness. The theme is apparent throughout the play, mainly through the actions and thoughts of Hamlet, Ophelia, and Laertes. 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This passage from Hamlet, one of Shakespeare’s play, portrays the theme of the relationship of thought to action by demonstrating how Hamlet’s admiration for Fortinbras’sRead MoreHamlet: Mel Gibson vs Kenneth Branagh Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare shows a lot of adaptations to movies. Hamlet by Mel Gibson (1990) and Kenneth Branagh (1996) interpret and portray the play by Shakespeare in different ways. The two film versions of Act IV of Hamlet have many differences and similarities. Kenneth Branagh’s version of Hamlet is seen covering most of the original text of Shakespeare’s play of Hamlet unlike the Mel Gibson version which omits many scenes and dialogues. The film version of Hamlet featuring Kenneth

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy free essay sample

Major concepts, schemas, models of health abnormality, philosophical assumptions, motivation development theories, techniques. The overall goal is the recovery of the client. Recovery is about counseling, but it is also about empowerment. Counseling can also help individuals with their problems and overcoming adversity, but as seen, a lot of the goals of the process focus mainly on recovery based interventions as a primary way of treating a given disorder, rather than counseling or pharmacology. Recovery is less concerned from this perspective, with treating the episodes and preventing them effectively than it is with helping the individual cope with their disorder in terms of dealing with problems in life that are created by it. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy free essay sample Humans have an ability to create, develop, and actualize themselves as healthy goal-attaining people. However, this being said they also have an ability to structure irrational thinking, inappropriate emotions and dysfunctional behaviours (Nelson-Jones 1995). Each person on this earth has their own internal storage device for gathering thoughts, ideas, beliefs, memories, the list goes on. A persons mind can affect them in so many ways that can’t be seen from the external perspective people take of them. When a person is experiencing difficulty trying to comprehend what it is exactly that is going on in their head they may approach it in a number of different ways, such as talking to a family member or close friend or perhaps seeking help from professionals who may be able to guide them in the right direction. The latter can sometimes prove to be extremely difficult for some people as they may have prefabricated negative beliefs about seeking such help and may not be open to the idea at all. Patients of psychotherapy can be looked at through a number of different approaches. One such approach that will be focused on throughout this essay is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Different from the many other forms of psychotherapy cognitive behaviour therapy has been proved scientifically to be effective in hundreds of clinical trials for many different disorders. (Beck 2013). This particular approach is generally more focused on the present whereas other approaches taken can be more orientated towards looking into the past of the client. Cognitive behavioural therapy therefore focuses with the current issues and problems of the client. It is usually more problem-solving orientated and more restricted by the amount of time limited to treatment. A bonus of effective cognitive behavioural therapy is that patients will develop skills that will aid them to; identify distorted thinking; modify their beliefs; relate to others in different ways, and change their behaviour. These skills can be useful not just after therapy but for the rest of their lives (Beck website). However, by failing to consider the past experiences of a person and only focusing on the here and now can this approach to therapy not have negative consequences towards the thinking or behaviour of a person also? What happens in peoples past can surely have some form of effect on how that person is thinking or behaving in the present. The purpose of this essay is therefore to consider some of the many aspects of cognitive behavioural therapy, outline the main principles and techniques of this approach to psychotherapy. It will also look to provide any criticisms that can be seen from the literature about this practice. To grasp a better understanding of cognitive behavioural therapy a brief historical overview will be given along with an overview of the approach itself and the main contributors to this practice of psychotherapy. Ultimately CBT could be seen to have developed as a result of two revolutions within the field of psychology, the behavioural revolution and the cognitive revolution. The former occurred first around the 1940’s when a group of psychologists who had been influenced by the work of Ivan Pavlov set out to redefine psychology as the science of behaviour (Miller 2003). Miller (2003) then goes on to explain how by the mid 1950’s it was the belief that behaviourism would not succeed and if scienti? c psychology were to succeed, mentalistic concepts would have to integrate and explain the behavioural data. Miller stresses the point of 1956 being the year for the cognitive science for him personally. However it is clear from the literature that it was the approaches of Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck that formulated the most prominent theories and models within the school of CBT (Nelson-Jones 1995). The two schools had gathered momentum and by the 1980’s they had merged together to form what we now know as CBT (Hall 2010). Following is a brief outline of the main works from both Ellis and Beck and an account as to how it can shed some light on the way in which people think or view themselves. Over the years Ellis has continued to edit the name of his approach. At first, in 1955, he phrased it as rational therapy (RT), in 1961 it became rational-emotive therapy, and in 1993 it changed again to rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) (Nelson-Jones 1995). The term ‘rational’ is referring to cognition that is effective in self-helping rather than cognition that is empirically and logically valid (Nelson-Jones 1995). Basically what this means is that the cognition may not make sense or be supported by evidence so long as it helps the person help themselves. In his work Ellis distinguished between two types of REBT; general and preferential. General REBT aims to teach the client rational or appropriate behaviours while the latter includes general REBT, it also teaches clients how to use powerful cognitive behavioural methods as self-helping skills along with how to dispute self-defeating behaviours and irrational ideas (Nelson-Jones 1995). Ellis’s approach theorizes that people are ‘biologically predisposed to strongly, passionately, and rigidly construct and hold on to their disturbance-creating musts and other irrational beliefs’ (Ellis 1993). In other words they tend to make similar mistakes due to the fact that they possess an overwhelming potential to be illogical and destructive of themselves and others. Is it also the case that people posses a certain amount of free will in terms of whether or not they make themselves emotionally disturbed (Nelson-Jones 1995). Ellis (1998) uses the example of his sister and how she was in some way responsible for her misery by consciously or unconsciously victimizing herself in relation to ‘what is going on in the world’. Looking into Albert Ellis’ ABC theory of personality sheds some light as to how people’s perceptions of what is going on around them can affect how they think and behave. ‘A’ is any particular event that might have happened, it is just a fact. ‘B’ then is what that person’s belief about that event is; beliefs can either be positive or negative. Having a negative belief about something isn’t necessarily bad, it is when a person believes in something that is not true they begin to form what Ellis describes as ‘irrational beliefs’. The emotional and behavioural consequences that are formulated from the persons belief of the activating event is ‘C’ (Jorn 2009). Ellis’s theory will be looked at in greater detail when considering his approach and how it helped the field of cognitive behavioural therapy. For now let us take a look at the work of another great contributor to this field of psychotherapy. In Beck’s early years he found himself in a position where psychoanalysis in America did not work. People that had gone to seek help for being miserable remained miserable. The message of American psychoanalysis at this time was to ‘allow the patient’s time to shave off the awkward square pegs of their personalities in order that they fit into the round holes created by society’ (Hall 2010). Beck questioned however, why not actively stimulate this process instead of waiting for something to change (Hall 2010). During the 1960’s Beck was a psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania. It was during this time that his research led him to examine the psychoanalytic concepts of depression. His work led him to discover that people who are depressed tend to have negative thoughts that may pop into their heads at any given time (Beck Website). These are cognitions labelled by Beck as ‘automatic thoughts’. In order to understand automatic thoughts it is first necessary to grasp the idea of schemas. Beck et al (1990) observe that schemas are the cognitive structures that organize a person’s experiences and behaviour; the beliefs and rules of the person are what the schema is made up of, and they ultimately determine the content of the thinking and behaviour. Information processing is based on fundamental beliefs embedded in schemas. It is because of these schemas that people have unique vulnerabilities and sensitivities that predispose them to psychological distress. People’s schemas and beliefs influence the way the process data about themselves (Nelson-Jones 1995). Automatic thoughts are more deeply buried than schemas but they reflect the content of a person’s schemas. There are nine significant characteristics of automatic thoughts outlined by Nelson-Jones (1995), they are; 1. That they are a part of a person’s internal monologue. This is how and what we say to ourselves. 2. Automatic thoughts can take the shape of either; words, images, or a combination of both. 3. These thoughts occur quickly usually at the edge of awareness. 4. They come before emotions. This is because people’s emotional responses to each other’s actions follow from how they interpret the action rather that the action itself. 5. If people assume these thoughts are accurate they are more likely to believe them. 6. Even if a person tries to block out these thoughts they will occur again due to a reoccurring quality they have. 7. Automatic thoughts can have an effect on a person’s gestures, tone of voice, and facial expression even though they may not be expressed verbally. 8. Automatic thoughts can be concurrent with more subtle thoughts underlying more obvious thoughts. 9. The fact that these thoughts are usually difficult to identify does not mean can’t. In fact counsellors can train their clients to pinpoint these thoughts with some accuracy. Having looked into the history of CBT it is now necessary to examine some of the main principles and techniques of this type of therapy. When taking a cognitive-behavioural approach counsellors and therapists asses their clients, and then intervene to help them change the particular aspects of thinking and behaving that sustain their problems (Nelson-Jones 2002). Within CBT it is seen as an essential necessary condition for the client and therapist to have a collaborative relationship. CBT therapists should work alongside their client to achieve the necessary goals. Both client and therapist each bring something to the table, it is necessary for them to work together to achieve therapeutic change. Unlike other practices the client assumes the role of equal partner in agenda setting, problem solving, and generating self-reflective exercises (Austin et al. 2010). As shown early through the work of both Ellis and Beck a person entering CBT may more often than not view their thoughts and feelings as facts and unshakable truths such as, ‘I know I am a stupid person’(Austin et al. 2010). The role of CBT is then to help the client view such thoughts, not as fact, but as a believable explanation that should be put to tests and revised as needed (Austin et al. 2010). In order for clients to get the best possible results they are encouraged to account for all the evidence when deciding on the validity and accuracy of their thoughts. In other words they should consider everything that occurred before finalizing their opinion on any particular subject. Empiricism is the view that personal beliefs are based on evidence gathered from our senses. Dryden (2012) explains how the principle of empiricism in CBT guides the way that clients are encouraged to test out their beliefs, thinking styles, and behaviours in the real world. A person may make an assumption that they are not popular amongst colleges because they do not make an effort to talk to him or her. In turn that person may try to the best of their ability to avoid awkward situations with the colleges. However, perhaps that person didn’t make much of an effort either and now by avoiding the others, has isolated themselves. Until that person tries to make contact with these people they will never know how they actually feel about them. Effective CBT empowers the client to adopt an empirical approach for themselves; to test for evidence against their long-held beliefs and assumptions (Dryden 2012). Perhaps after CBT the person who isolated themselves will be able to approach one of their colleges, even it is something simple such as small talk. That person should then be able to tell from their experiences if their original beliefs were true or if it was all just in their head. Empiricism is not just solely for the benefit of the client, it is used in many aspects of CBT. The therapist monitors the outcomes in individual cases; services evaluate their outcomes against multiple cases, and the theories underpinning CBT are tested against evidence in research studies (Dryden 2012). Another prominent principle within CBT is rationalism. This is based on the philosophy that a person’s feelings and behaviour can be explained through how they think. Rationalism is used within most approaches of CBT, an example of it being used could be a client seeking treatment for a panic disorder. Effective CBT in this instance would help the client to realise that it is their beliefs about the harmful effects of their bodily sensations that is driving the panic attacks (Dryden 2012). By showing the client that is their own beliefs causing the effects they can then gradually become more and more aware of how they are thinking and how to control it. Although some CBT therapy recognises the importance of understanding how ones past experiences shape their present beliefs, behaviours, and thinking, it is mainly concerned with working on the problems the client is currently experiencing (Dryden 2012). Techniques such as ‘thought catching’ are used to assist the client in noticing thoughts that pass through their mind as they occur. For example, when a client is confronting a particular fear in therapy the focus is on the feeling of anxiety. This should help the client tolerate the feeling better and also show them how the intensity of that emotion reduces over time (Dryden 2012). Within CBT, patients are encouraged to formulate their problems as they result from negative thoughts. As a result of the treatment they are then supposed to replace these negative thoughts with more realistic ones using an empirical approach (Hall 2010). However when someone is of a persistently negative nature and undermines the therapy itself can it be seen to be effective? After all one of the founding points of CBT is to replace the negative thoughts. If they are still occurring for a person about the therapy itself it could be said that it defeats the purpose of the work of both therapist and client. Unlike other psychotherapy practices CBT places some emphasis on treating the client speedily. Since the therapy is focused on self-helping and getting the client to grasp a better understanding of the situations they come across in their day to day lives. The client is not subject to a certain amount of sessions and may attend therapy until they feel they have acquired the goal set by the treatment (Bannink 2012). If a therapist accepts the statement of the clients problem at the start of the treatment then they must also proceed to end treatment when the either the client or therapist believe that the needs of the person receiving treatment have been sufficiently met (Bannink 2012). The treatment should help the person to learn to deal with problems they may encounter in the future not just previous issues that were present before therapy. Although CBT does take some consideration for early experiences its main focus is on the present. If we look at another approach, psychoanalysis, it becomes clear that the early experiences of a person are seen to affect them on later life. The aim of psychoanalysis is to strengthen the client’s ego by lifting childhood repressions (Nelson-Jones 1995). Freud argued that mental disorders came about as result of mainly traumatic childhood experiences, stressing that a major cause of these disorders was down to indulgence and frustration that occurred during the crucial early stages of development (Millon 2004). Early events establish intensely ingrained defence systems that lead to people reacting to new situations in a similar light as to how they reacted to situations that occurred in the past. These defence systems reoccur throughout life and result in progressive maladaptive behaviour and character disorders (Millon 2004). If CBT is as focused on the present as we believe it to be, can it be said that it removes this type of cognition from a person’s mind? Ellis would argue that people should just forget their ‘godawful past’ (Ellis 1988). This is because the emphasis is much more on how people sustain their irrationality rather than how they originally acquired it. The past cannot be undone and it is seen to be counterproductive to focus excessively on how people feel about the past (Nelson-Jones 1995). Also people may not particularly want to talk to the therapist about their past. Instead of using all of their energy focusing on what problems may have caused the particular disorder they focus on how to overcome and deal with it. As noted earlier cognitive behaviour therapy has been proved scientifically to be effective in hundreds of clinical trials for many different disorders. The people that can be treated from such therapy range from people with boarderline personality disorders, juvenile delinquents, and those who are mildly disturbed (Nelson-Jones). An important aspect of any counselling is that the client does not relapse following the termination of therapy. CBT puts great focus on relapse prevention. Clients are educated on a number of things such as; anticipating and developing strategies to deal with future problems and setbacks, reality-testing their interpretations as self-help skills, and the homework given to them during therapy not only builds their skills for real life during counselling it also prepares them to manage on the own afterwards (Nelson-Jones 1995). Everyone experiences difficulties in their life that they may or may not be able to deal with. Sometimes we view, what others may see as a minor problem, as an obstacle that we cannot overcome. Such negative thinking not only hampers the mood or behaviour but also decreases the chances of a person getting through such issues. CBT offers people a chance to turn over a new leaf and begin to view things differently than they may have viewed them before. The client and the therapist work together to find the solution that will be best suited for the client’s disorder and then work together to achieve the goal that was set prior to treatment. Through this type of therapy people are not only getting through issues that occurred prior to therapy, or even during, but also afterwards when the treatment has ended. CBT gives people skills that they can use afterwards in their everyday lives. It encourages people to examine their thinking and to look for evidence when making assumptions about a particular issue. Though there is not much emphasis on the person’s previous experiences during the duration of therapy it seems that by focusing on the present the therapy will be more effective in improving issues that people may encounter in the future.  Yes the past is important to all of us but how many times have we been told by family or peers to not ‘dwell on the past’. We can only achieve our goals by looking forward and learning from previous mistakes that we have made.

Morality And Guns Today Essays - Philosophy, Ethics, Axiology

Morality And Guns Today I realize you cannot legislate morality. I agree with that 100 percent. Yes, saying things like Thou shall be moral is foolish, but other things can be done. We have to get back to our roots and become more civil and moral. Throughout recent history our society has continually loosened its moral bonds until we have arrived at the 'everything goes' attitudes of today. This loosening simply has to be reversed. Let me say that this will be a difficult task, but our society MUST put common sense and civility forefront of today's efforts nationwide. It will be harder to fight then any war. We must have an awakening or things will continue to go downhill. Would you agree on that? First of all, I do not have all the answers on this. We could start by looking at our past and seeing what worked when. I am not talking about slavery, segregation, etc etc. What I am talking about is how families worked and how people responded to each other, how neighbors responded to each other. We must explore the brotherhood that existed between friends. We must look back to look forward. I think common sense plays a big issue in this. In today's society there is this idea that we must be politically correct all the time. Remember (or hear) of a time when everything wasn't regulated, and was NOT tied up by the government's beaucracy, and forthere DID NOT destroy personal responsibility? All laws leave some people out. Without this over regulation, people were not excessively left out by 'red tape crafted divisions'. All of this ties into morality. I think people have become less responsible. Seeing the increased role of government in everyday life, too many parents have dedicate d the government to educate their child. Less time is spent with each other. Less of that famous 'bonding time', less family cohesiveness, less family traditions. What has filled the void from the absence of this ever-so-valuable time? Media has filled the gap. This includes everything from TV, movies, video games, music, etc etc. Afterall the media is led by people who grew up without knowing what is right or wrong, just like the people watching it. You now have a society in which few know what is right and wrong because this cycle continues on faster and faster. Believe it or not, I believe there was a time that had universal morals. These include lots of small things, but they are what consisted of the moral foundation we have lost. These small things include street manners, table manners, specific courtesys each directed toward men and women, clothing courtesys, trustworthiness (ever hear of the time when a handshake was worth more than a signature?), a respect of each others do ings and business, the Golden Rule, spoken courtesys...the list goes on and on. It is not the media's fault only, they are only the most visable layer. WE, and I repeat WE, the society, are the ones that tolerated or even let the media do something questionable to begin with. WE are the ones that watch and listen to their programs, WE are the ones who give them money, WE are the ones who failed to voice our concerns on something they were airing, etc etc. Now, in a society that has evolved to which 'everything goes', Hollywood doesn't think twice about showing negatively-influencing movies, or the record companies and singers (especially rap, rock, etc...) don't think twice about recording songs about things like getting your girlfriend pregnant and driving the car off the bridge while she's screaming in the trunk--things like that. What's even worse is that, like I said earlier, WE let it happen, we, as a society, do not have enough balls to say Enough is a Enough!!!!! Afterall, it would be politically incorrect (going back to what I said earlier) and might offend someone right How does all this tie into guns? WE, as a society, would rather blame something inhuman. Right now, we would rather blame something that merely indicates the state of ourselves. For decades we have been slipping down the path of neglecting our present and future moral foundation. We are

Coco Cola a Marketing Perspective Essay Example

Coco Cola a Marketing Perspective Essay Example Coco Cola a Marketing Perspective Essay Coco Cola a Marketing Perspective Essay The History Coca-cola was first introduced by John Syth Pemberton, a pharmacist, in the year 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia when he concocted caramel- coloured syrup in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard Dr Pemberton was skilled doctor and his chemistry work was of high quality. He developed chemical laboratories that were later state run analytical facilities.But he never realised the potential of Coca Cola. There were his successors that developed Coca Cola in the brand it is today. Until 1905 the soft drink marketed as tonic and contained traces of illegal drugs as well as caffeine-rich kola nut. By the late 1890 Asa Grieg Chandler directed the Coca-Cola Company and syrup sales rose for 4. 000% between 1890 and 1900. The famous logo, which is highly recognizable everywhere, was an idea and work of Dr. Pembertons accountant Frank Robinson. Asa Candler took over the Coca-Cola Company as owner soon after Dr. Pembertons death.He partnered with Frank Robinson and redid the formula f or Coca Cola syrup. Frank Robinsons creation was the logo, script and a push that the classic slogan delicious and refreshing be tied to all the future advertising. Coca-Cola Company also pioneered in distribution and coupon sales. Under long term tenure of chairman and CEO Woodruff between 1923 and 1981 CocaCola Company expanded in 44 countries and was global business. In sixties soda fountain was something like water cooler is today a meeting and chat place during breaks. As soon as bottled beverages and packed ice cream took over eople forgot about soda fountains. Advertising, packaging, distribution, and trade secret protection has made possible that over one billion of servings of Coca-Cola are sold today daily. Coca cola has been aggressively advertised on billboards and in newspaper under Chairman Candler who sold the company after prohibition to Ernest Wudruff, Robert Wudruff, son of Ernest Wudruff was the Coca-Cola Company’s boss for six decades. In his first year o f 1923 2 he introduced six pack, and in 1929 he made Coca Cola available through vending machines.In 1930s he started with radio advertising and in 1950s on television. In 1931 he introduced Coca Cola Santa Claus repeating its appearance and good wishes every Christmas since. In his sixty years at the wheel he was responsible for twelve ounce Coca Cola can in 1960s, the Coca Cola contour bottle in 1977, introduction of two litre bottles and plastic bottles. He raised prices of syrup for distributors but also improved efficiency and productivity, emphasized quality control, and improved sales department. The Boss also started big item advertising and promotional campaigns. Source: Cola Marketing History) The publicly traded company has also built a strong trust of its investors (Warren Buffet Secrets, 2010). About Coca-cola Coca-cola, company is the world’s leading manufacturer, marketer and distributor of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, used to produce nearly 4 00 beverage brands. It sells beverage concentrates and syrups to bottling and canning operators, distributors, fountain retailers and fountain wholesalers. The company’s beverage products comprises of bottled and canned soft drinks as well as concentrates, syrups and not-ready-to-drink powder products.In addition to this it also produces and markets soft drinks, tea and coffee. The coca-cola company and its network of bottlers comprise the most sophisticated and pervasive production and distribution system in the world. The company aims at increasing shareowner value over time. It accomplishes this by working with its business partners to deliver satisfaction and value to consumers through a worldwide system of superior brands and services thus increasing brand equity on global basis.The associates of the company jointly take responsibility to ensure compliance with the framework of policies and protect the company’s assets and resources while limiting business risks. Plan of the study Coca-cola is one of the world’s largest beverages selling company. Its business and operations are extended all over the world. I have undertaken this project to look into the coca-cola company and its marketing perspective. 3 The reason for taking up this project is that I wanted to know the marketing strategy, advertising policy, marketing mix, market positioning, and market share of such a huge company.The promotional activities and the advertising policies always attracted my attention. I wanted to know how coca-cola manages its business affairs and operations all over the world so successfully. I wanted to know whether the market strategy helped cocacola in running successfully over such a long period of time. But there were certain limitations as well. There are many aspects of the company on which a wide research could have been done but due to lack of available time and a constraint on word limit, the study could not be done. Lack of availability of data was another such constraint COCA-COLA MARKETING PERSPECTIVE MARKETING Coca Cola advertising targets youth of all generations who want to enjoy life and have fun. Because of its longevity, the youth targeted twenty, thirty or forty years ago is no longer young but it feels like they are still young when with Coke. To name just a few of Coca Colas advertising campaigns: Have a Coke and a Smile, Coca-Cola. Enjoy, Id Like to Buy the World a Coke, The Real Thing. Every marketing campaign was strategically prepared and best advertising crews visit campuses and make practical jokes and films.There is a YouTube Coca Cola Channel with over 23000 members. On this channel we can watch short videos where real person is hidden in vending machine and starts giving bigger and better servings, two cokes for one and the like. In one of this shows they brought to the campus oversized vending machine where coin dispenser was as high as basketball rim and students had to climb to it but the machin e would then gave also oversized cokes. Videos are funny and they travel through viral networks carrying the message very fast and far. Student population is the most receptive Cokes target.The Coca-Cola Company has a few official contact points in new social media (like Face book, Twitter, and YouTube) which they use to spread the message. If we look back, a Coca Cola (advertisements copies observed online at Beautiful Life) g venues chosen. Coca Cola billboard advertisement from 1889 features a young lady standing by a stand where a glass of Coca Cola is for sale at 5 cents, the name Coca Cola in unique branded logo is repeated twice and the words delicious and refreshing stand on the stand above a bouquet of fresh roses. It looks that Coca Cola target upper class of society at the beginning of the century.By 1918 the feature was omitted from advertising. A poster from 1918 features beautiful young lady in white drinking Coca Cola as the logo on the glass shows with a playground a s a background and some greenery around to contrast whitish main motive. Text below the 5 picture promotes Coca Cola as The Drink of All the Year and mentions words delicious and refreshing. Coca Cola advancement was reached in 1931 when an advertisement in The Saturday Evening Post shows Santa Claus in red colour of Coca Cola without his hat explaining: My hats off to the pause that refreshes.The classic red rectangle saying Drink Coca Cola Delicious and Refreshing blinks prominently above Santas hand. The first advertisement that shows a change in targeting general audience instead of upper classes I found in 1937 Stop for a pause Go refreshed shows two workers at a gas station taking Coca Cola bottles out of special Coca Cola refrigerator. There is no price on this advertisement. It was still advertised as Drink Coca Cola Delicious and Refreshing as another advertisement from the same year shows a young lady with a dog and signature bottle in gloved hands sitting on a bench in a park.In this way coca-cola brought a change in its target and prospective consumers. In 1942 advertisement a hand holding unique patented Coca Cola bottle breaks through a paper that features red circle Drink Coca Cola Delicious and Refreshing and the price tag, still 5 cents. New six pack carrier has been introduced in 1948 and six bottles were sold for 25 cents (plus return deposit) and the name was shortened to Coke so the red circle does not carry the whole text just Coca Cola logo above bracketed new name Coke. cents Coca Cola vending machines were introduced in 1949 and a picture of red Coca Cola vending machine on the panoramic background calling: Inviting workers everywhere to the pause that refreshes with ice-cold Coca-Cola 5 cents. Coca-cola brought a change in its packaging by the introduction of six-pack. Although very important part, advertising is just a part of overall promotion in marketing mix, the others being price, place and product. We have seen from the adverti sements that more than seventy years Coca Cola sold for 5 cents a bottle.This was possible because of economy of scale as per capita consumption of Coca Cola has been steadily rising. Just in recent years from 1988 to 2008 annual worldwide consumption of Coca Cola has risen from 39 servings per capita to 85 servings per capita while consumption in the USA in the same time rose from 275 servings to 412 servings per capita. Americans are second in Coca 6 Cola consumption surpassed by Mexico with 635 servings per capita in 2008. (Source: The Coca-Cola Company) Although Coca Cola commands highest price among colas its product sales are very price sensitive.Interestingly enough the Coca Cola hasnt changed its taste from the 1890. The change of formula in 1985 is considered one of the biggest marketing blunders of all times. People boycotted new Coke so much that its market share fell from 25% to almost 2% at the lowest point so the company was forced to return the old Coca Cola from then on called Coca Cola Classic. Then CEO campaigned with We have got your message when reintroducing the old Coca Cola taste back to the market. The packaging of Coca Cola changes followed the development of different distribution channels.While Coca Cola started selling in drug stores and it slowly moved into soda fountains, the product that company sold to distributors was syrup that was mixed with soda water. New branded bottle was introduced so that Coca Cola could be sold in shops and supermarkets as well as gas stations. Six-bottle-packaging was invented to increase sales as it was convenient to carry, so people would buy six at a time instead of two or three. As Coca Cola is best ice cold the company introduced special refrigerators that later on developed into vending machines.Vending machines became Coca Colas next big distribution channel bringing their product into companies and schools lunch rooms and other places where people gathered in numbers. Coca Cola contracted McDo nalds and some other franchise chains and their contracts require exclusivity. We cannot get Pepsi or any other brand Behind the Arches of McDonalds. The law forbids the same tactics in supermarkets and other retailer chains but Coca Cola is very good in choosing the right spots for their promotion because they do it extremely professional. The Coca Cola Company in Atlanta only makes syrup.Coke is bottled close to its distributors as transportation costs plays big role in the final product price. It is much cheaper to send overseas only syrup and then add 90% of its bulk closer to consumers than it would be making and transporting final products to worldwide destinations out of Georgia. Coca Cola introduced cans because they were safer for vending machines and cheaper to make than glass bottles. Both were partially replaced with plastic bottles for the same reason as they are cheaper to make and harder to brake or distort. 7 The Coca Cola Company first sponsored Olympic Games of 192 4 in Amsterdam.It looks like we can find Coca Cola logo everywhere although it is not exactly so. Coca Cola is strategically placing its logo to events and places that are associated with fun, enjoyment, refreshment, harmony, sportsmanship, and happiness like sports facilities, amusement parks, Olympic games, World Cup, Super Bowl and Christmas celebrations. Researchers in positive psychology are of opinion that lasting happiness is the result of an engaged life, one with close social ties and one that that is motivated by values and goals larger than oneself and lasting happiness is something that Coca Cola is trying to associate with (Nuys, 2010).Association with the need of the people to aspire to goals higher than oneself is clearly expressed in Coca Colas Open Happiness music video series (Open Happiness, 2010) where everyone is invited to join happy and purposeful self improvement that will ultimately lead to happier society with rhymes open up a little happiness today, so I c an be someone new open up a smile on another face, so I can feel something new. Here Coca Cola uses positive association and positive psychology to enter universal desire for deep, lasting happiness, even life essence (Kracauer, 168). And this is a logical extension of Delicious and Refreshing self centred fulfilment slogan that Coca Cola has been advertising for the first hundred and something years. From being refreshment it now intends to move up the human needs leader and associate itself with lasting open happiness.Coca Cola has been adding popular music to their advertising since early times. For Coca Cola this move came naturally as colas and popular music share similar demographics (Klein, 7). So water, sugar, some secret ingredients and a few bubbles made Coca Cola the biggest beverage company, operating in 206 countries round the globe, evaluated at 67 billion dollars and daily worldwide consumption of 100 million gallons (375 million litres ). 8 MARKETING MIXPRODUCT With a portfolio of more than 3,500 beverages, from diet and regular sparkling beverages to still beverages such as 100 percent fruit juices and fruit drinks, waters, sports and energy drinks, teas and coffees, and milk-and soy-based beverages, its variety spans the globe. The global nature of business requires that the Coca-Cola system has the highest standards and processes for ensuring consistent product safety and quality from concentrate production to bottling and product delivery.It measure key product and package quality attributes to ensure beverage products in the marketplace meet the company requirements and consumer expectations. Consistency and reliability are critical to product quality and to meeting global regulatory requirements and Company standards It has made great strides in expanding the level of nutritional information on the packaging, offering consumers factual and meaningful information about the beverage products to assist them in their beverage selections.The policy is to place nutritional information on all of the labels, where feasible. Where this is not possible, for example on recyclable glass bottles, it provide nutritional information via other means such as Company websites The coca-cola company has a wide range of products. They are the following:IN THE COLA SECTION IN THE LEMON SECTION IN THE ORANGE SECTION IN THE BOTTLED Diet coke Limca Maaza Sprite Minute maid WATER Kinley SECTION Coca-cola Thumps up 9 PROMOTION –The Coca-cola uses following promotional tools for its marketing campaign.Getting shelves They gets or purchase shelves in big departmental stores and display their products in that shelves in that style which show their product more clear and more attractive for the consumers. Eye Catching Position Salesman of the coca cola company positions their freezers and their products in eyecatching positions. Normally they keep their freezers near the entrance of the stores. Sale Promotion Company also sponsor college and school’s cafes and sponsors their sports events and other extra curriculum activities for getting market share.UTC Scheme UTC mean under the crown scheme, coca cola often do this type of scheme and they offer very handy prizes in it. Like once they offer bicycles, caps, tv sets, cash prizes etc. This scheme is very much popular among children. COKE’S ADVERTISING SLOGANS 1904 Delicious and refreshing 1905 Coca-cola revives and sustains 1906 The great national temperature beverage 1917 Three million a day 1922 Thirst knows no season 1923 Enjoy thirst 1924 Refresh yourself 1925 Six million a day 1926 It had to be good to get where it is 1927 Around the corner from anywhere 1929 The pause that refreshes 10 932 Ice cold sunshine 1938 The best friend thirst ever had 1939 Thirst asks nothing more 1939 Whoever you are, whatever you do, Wherever you may be, When you think of refreshment, think of the ice cold Coca-cola 1942 The only thing Coca-cola is Coca-cola itself 1949 Along the highway to anywhere 1952 What you want is coke 1956 Coca-cola †¦makes good things taste better 1957 Sign of good taste 1958 The cold crisp taste of coke 1959 Be really refreshed 1963 Things go better with coke 1969 It’s the real thing 1971 I’d like to buy the world coke 1975 Look up America 1976 Coke adds life 1979 Have a coke and smile 1982 Coke is it! 985 We’ve got a taste for you 1985 America’s real choice 1986 Red, white and you (for coke classic) 1986 Catch the wave (for coca-cola) 1987 When coca-cola is part of your life, you can’t beat the Feeling 1988 You can’t beat the feeling 1989 Official summer drink 1990 You can’t beat the real thing 1993 Always coca-cola 2000 Coca-cola enjoy 2001 Life tastes good 2003 Coca-cola †¦real 11 2009 Open happiness 2010 Twist the cap to refreshment 2011 Life begins here SOURCE-Book Advertising Management By: -Jayshree Jethwaney Shruti JainAdvertisement has always played a sig nificant role in the marketing strategy of coca-cola, here is a detail about the various ad campaigns of coca-cola. A billboard advertisement from 1900 depicts a beautiful young lady on a horse drawn wagon served by a white uniformed waiter, the Coca Cola logo again repeated twice, once as a store name and once in text below where its price at 5 cents is also stated. The message was stated as The ideal beverage for discriminating people.An advertisement from 1907 also depicts angel like lady in white gloves as if selling Coca Cola at the stand. Besides the Coca Cola logo being repeated three times there is also price for a drink at 5 cents. In 1909 an a billboard advertisements shows something like all ladies party in the background with three young fashionably clothed women drink and the message written depicts Relieves the fatigue that comes from over-play, over-work, and overthinking, delicious, refreshing, thirst-quenching with 5 cents price tag.The logo is repeated twice. The f atigue relieving theme was also a theme of billboard advertisement from 1910. There are two pictures in the advertisement one with tired executive behind his desk and one with a waiter filling a glass from soda fountain. The logo is depicted centrally in large print. It also looks that Coca Cola has got some competition by 1910 as the words below the logo say: It will relieve your fatigue, cool you comfortably, calm your jangled nerves and quench the thirst.But be sure to get the genuine, Cooling Refreshing Wholesome Another advertisement from the same time shows a young lady sitting on a bench with only blurry picture of colonial home in the background, holding a bottle with Coca Cola logo and drinking from it using a straw. The message: Drink Coca Cola in bottles delicious and refreshing†. 12

Full Analysis of ACT Grammar Rules Which Are Most Important

Full Analysis of ACT Grammar Rules Which Are Most Important SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you are planning your study approach for ACT English, it’s important to know where your time is best spent. Which grammar rules are really the most important to learn? What can help you make the greatest improvement to your score? What kind of questions are on ACT English? ACT English is a passage based test. There are 5 multi-paragraph passages and 75 questions to go with them. The makers of the ACT break the test down into two main sections: Usage and Mechanics questions and Rhetorical Skills. Usage and Mechanics covers questions about punctuation (including internal and end of sentence punctuation and avoiding ambiguity), grammar and usage (including subject-verb agreement, pronoun-antecedent agreement, verb formation, pronoun case, comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs, and idiomatic use), and sentence structure (including modifier placement and relationships between clauses). In the past, these questions have made up about 53% of the questions on the test. The second main category is Rhetorical Skills. These questions will ask about strategy (including understanding when to add or delete information and how to best revise writing for a certain audience), organization (including choosing effective openings, transitions, and conclusions), and style (including choosing correct words, tone, style, and avoiding wordiness). Also grouped with Rhetorical Skills are questions that ask about the author’s goal. These questions test your ability to recognize main ideas and understand what the passage is about, and understanding the scope of the passage. These questions usually compose about 47% of the questions on the test. Since the most recent updates to theACT, the test makers are not sticking as strictly to these percentages, butthey are still good guidelines. What concepts are tested? And why should you care? Almost as predictable as the question types are the grammar and style rules that ACT English will test you on. ACT English heavily favors a few main grammar and style rules, and lightly touches on a multitude of others. Why should this matter to you? This means that especially if you are aiming for a mid-range score, you should focus your studying on the main grammar and style rules that are covered. But if you are aiming for a high score, you should make sure you know all the concepts listed here. Since ACT English has so many questions, even concepts that appear a low percentage of the time will almost definitely be featuredand could affect your score. How did I find this out? I analyzed over 500 ACT English questions from seven official ACT tests that have been given in the past and wrote down the grammar and style concepts tested in each. Usually, it was easy to find the answer to a question just by knowing one style or grammar rule. But a couple of questions required knowledge of more than one rule. For these questions, I counted them for both concepts. And the winners are†¦ Usage and Mechanics For usage and mechanics questions, the overwhelming winner of the frequency test is correctly forming and joining sentences at 20.5% of the grammar questions. This covers all the concepts involved in understanding what a correct sentence is, including bothfragments and run-ons. This topic also covers correct use of semicolons in joining sentences. Not far behind in second place are questions dealing with correct uses of commas, dashes, and colons. These questions make up 17.7% of the grammar questions. Following in third and fourth places are correctly used non-essential clauses and relative pronouns with 10.2% of the questions, and correct verb tense and form, with 9.6% of the grammar questions. This topic involves, among other things, knowing what tense is necessary, and forming the tenses correctly. So, if you master these four concepts, you will have all the information you need to answer almost 60% of the grammar questions on ACT English. Here is the full breakdown This is my analysis of the most commonly-tested grammar concepts on ACT English, along with brief explanations of what each grammar rule means. #1: Correct Sentence Formation: 20.5% Recognizing fragments Recognizing run-ons, including comma splices Joining sentences correctly Incorrectly used semicolons #2: Use of commas, dashes, and colons: 17.7% No comma between subject and verb No comma before or after preposition When to use commas to separate adjectives No comma between adjective and noun Commas used after introductory words No commas between compound subjects or compound objects No commas around emphatic pronouns Colons used for a list or explanation Dashes used with non-essential clauses, as intro for a list, and with a deliberate pause #3: Correctly formed non-essential clauses andrelative pronouns: 10.2% Non-essential clause must be surrounded by commas Correct use of which vs. that; who vs. which; who vs. whom #4: Verb tense and form: 9.6% Correct and consistent tense usage When to use past tense instead of past participle Past participle needs a helping verb Incorrectly formed past participle Will vs. would When to use gerund and when to use infinitive #5: Misplaced and dangling modifiers and word placement: 9.2% Descriptive phrases must be next to the word they describe. Would a word make more sense elsewhere in the sentence? #6: Apostrophe use: 7.5% Correct formation of plural nouns Correct formation of possessive form of nouns Common contractions and their meanings (such as â€Å"it’s†) #6: Pronoun Use: 7.5% Consistent use of pronouns Pronoun-antecedent agreement (including singular or plural pronouns) Pronoun case Present and clear antecedents #8. Idioms: 5.1% Idiomatic use of prepositions #9: Parallel Structure and Word Pairs: 4.1% Use of matching prepositions Items in a list match Such as neither†¦nor, either†¦or, not only†¦but also, from†¦to, as†¦as #10: Subject-Verb Agreement: 3.8% Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs Subject – non-essential clause – verb construction Subject – prepositional phrase – verb construction Verb before subject #: Adjectives vs. Adverbs: 2.4% Adjectives are used to describe nouns Adverbs are used to describe adjectives, adverbs, and verbs Correct use of the comparative and superlative forms #: Comparison words: 2.4% Correct use of comparison words such as more/less than, less vs. fewer, much vs. many, and that of/those of Rhetorical Strategy These questions are based on making the passages more smooth and logical to read. As in the grammar section, the ACT heavily favors some rules over others. The big winners for Rhetorical Strategy are†¦ Logical transitions. Unsurprisingly, in a section all about making passages more logical, transitions reign supreme. Over 18% of the questions will test your ability to create logical bridges within and between sentences and paragraphs. In second place is adding information with 16.7%. These questions test your ability to see if new information is relevant to the paragraph in question, and also ask students to explain how the paragraphs are changed by the addition of new information. And tied in third with 15.5% each are conciseness and replacing and re-wording information. Similar to the concepts above, replacing information questions ask student to tell if information is relevant to the paragraph in question, and if not, to replace it with different information. Conciseness questions test students’ abilities to see when the author has been unnecessarily wordy. Repetitive words, circular talking, and the passive voice are all put to the test in these questions! Let’s break it down completely #1. Logical Transitions: 18.4% Includes transitions within sentences, between sentences, and between paragraphs Transition words make logical sense for context #2. Adding Information: 16.7% Determining if new information is relevant to paragraph Understanding why new information is relevant #3. Re-wording or Replacing Information: 15.5% Replacing a word or phrase to add a certain emphasis to the passage Replacing irrelevant information with relevant information #3. Conciseness: 15.5% No using repetitive words to describe something General wordiness No passive voice when active voice is also correct and shorter #5. Deleting Information: .7% Is information irrelevant? If so, delete it. What information would be lost if sentence were deleted? #6. Diction: 8.4% Commonly confused words, such as then/than, have/of #7. Sentence Order/Placement and Paragraph Organization: 6.7% Does the placement of a sentence make sense in context? Does one sentence/paragraph logically follow from the last? Does a new paragraph start with a shift in topic? #8. Writer’s Goal: 5.4% Recognizing main ideas in the passage Recognizing specific and general passages #9. Formality: 1.5% Is the phrasing of an answer too casual or formal to match the rest of the sentence? So What Would a Perfect Test Look Like? If you took the ACT English and it broke down exactly according to these statistics, here is what you would expect to see: 8 questions on Forming Correct Sentences 7 questions on Commas, Dashes, and Colons 7 questions on Logical Transitions 6 questions on Adding Information 5 questions on Replacing or Re-wording Information 5 questions on Conciseness 4 questions on Verb Tense and Form 4 questions on Deleting Information 4 questions on Non-essential Clauses and Relative Pronouns 4 questions on Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers and Word Placement 3 questions on Diction 3 questions on Apostrophe Use 3 questions on Pronouns 2 questions on Idioms 2 questions on Parallel Structure and Word Pairs 2 questions on Sentence Order/Paragraph Organization 2 questions on Author Goal/Intent 1 question on Subject-Verb Agreement 1 question on Adjectives vs. Adverbs 1 question on Comparison Words 1 question on Formality †¦.for a total of 75 questions. Of course, it’s unlikely that any test will exactly follow these statistics, so don’t be surprised if you see a few extra (or fewer) questions of a certain type! How Should You Use This Information? Now that you know exactly what you can expect to find on ACT English, use this information to guide your studying. Here’s a study plan that will help you make the most of your study time to give you the best chance of improving your score. Take a diagnostic test. To do this, you should take a real ACT English test, because it’s best to work with realistic questions. You can find official ACT tests online, or you can get them from The Real ACT Prep Guide. After taking the test, score it to see how you've done. For every question that you either got incorrect or had to guess on, make a note of why you got it wrong, and what grammar concept it is testing. Compare your list of grammar mistakes with the â€Å"Perfect Test† list above. Which of your mistakes appears highest on the list? Focus your studying on the concept that is highest on the list. You’re likely to see that kind of question the most, and so mastering that grammar concept will give you the chance to improve your score by a few points. When you feel confident that you have mastered the highest concept on the list, move on to the next one. Keep working your way down the list. As you’re taking these steps, you should also consider what your target ACT score is. For example, if you're just looking to boost a mid-range score (around a 20) a bit higher (a 24), you’ll want to focus on the first 10 – 12 grammar concepts. If you can get these concepts down, you’ll have a great chance of hitting your target score, and you won’t need to worry about many of the less-frequently-tested concepts. On the other hand, if you're aiming for a high or perfect score, you should pay attention to every grammar and rhetorical point on the list. Missing even a few points could hurt your chances of getting the score you want. What’s Next? Now you know exactly what is on ACT English. Use the above links to master each topic. Know the concepts, but unsure of how to attack the questions? Read the best way to approach ACT English passages. Before you get studying, read our top 5 secrets to mastering the ACT English. Not sure if ACT English is for you? Read our comparison of ACT English and SAT Writing to see which is the best fit! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. 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SAMSUNG 3D T.V Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SAMSUNG 3D T.V - Research Paper Example The edge-lit LED backlighting combines the benefits of local dimming with the thinness of edge-lighting. The 240 Hz processing exhibits motion resolution performance like its UNB8000 series. The interactive features like other Samsung models of 2010 include Internet @ TV (i.e. Yahoo widgets) and Samsung Apps, from Samsung’s new proprietary content portal, connecting to one’s favorite digital content like videos, sports, games, social networking and much more. With web-connected apps on the Samsung Smart TV, you can stream movies from Netflix or Blockbuster, TV shows from Hulu, videos from YouTube, Next Level sports information from ESPN, music from Pandora and view updates on Facebook or Twitter accounts. The UNC7000 series of 3D TV is the most economical. It is available in 40-inch ($1999), 46-inch ($$2599) and 55-inch ($3299) sizes. The 3D compatibility has been added to three LCD lines and one plasma line (CNET editors take). Samsung 3D TV was launched in April 2010 in Ireland. It has been a huge hit like Avatar, putting Samsung in leading position in the emerging market. The launch of Samsung 3D in the Irish market besides many other countries was the first in the retail 3D TV segment. â€Å"We are the first manufacturer to mass-produce 3D TV and you will physically see that in the Irish market in April so we will be first to market on this," said Kevin Maguire, country manager for Samsung Ireland. â€Å"Getting to market first is critical to us from a brand point of view and for brand positioning.† The Consumer Electronics Show (CES) at Las Vegas, a show-window of technology trends, found 3D everywhere (B & F). The technology used in the Samsung 3D TV is differentiating with the selection of â€Å"Active† and â€Å"passive† panels and lenses depending and deciding its total cost and picture quality. The active 3D screen syncs electronically with battery-powered and

Methods of research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Methods of research - Assignment Example Answer to Question 2: The first step is to define and refine a topic. Here, the researcher starts with a clearly defined and well-focused research question and a plan. The second step is to design the search. This step involves planning the research strategy at which point the research decides on the type of literature review, its extent, and the forms of literature to include. The third step is locating the research literature. This step depends on the type of literature sought. It is usually advisable that multiple research strategies be employed in order to counteract the limitations of a single search method. The fourth step is evaluating the results and determining what to record. The final step is to write the review. This requires planning and good, clear writing. The aims and objectives of the study need to be kept in mind and then be questioned and evaluated, not just accepted as facts. Answer to Question 3: A keyword is an important term relating to a specific topic, and is likely to be found in a title. Keywords are important in the literature search because they help the researcher obtain relevant information. This is because keywords break down the research problem into its key words or concepts which can be searched with ease. Answer to Question 4: The steps of writing a quantitative review of literature are: identifying the problem or research question; determining the purpose of the study; searching and reviewing the literature relating to the question and developing a framework; defining and refining the research question or formulating a research hypothesis; selecting the research method and determining the design of the study; specifying the group of subjects to be studied. Answer to Question 6: This depends on what sample size she needed but she seems wrong. The first step should have been to determine the population from which the sample was to be selected. Supposing that the town had a population of

Understanding American culture Essay Example for Free

Understanding American culture Essay I was 18 years old when my father decided to send me to America and to cover the traveling expenses, my father sold his land. At that time, my future looked so bright. Studying abroad was such a big deal to most Afghans not only on account of the cost that it entailed but also of the social prestige that went with it. My family then was living in a place called Macaroyain Community, a modern European-style, five-storey apartment complex in a three-square mile area complete with all the modern amenities. My family had high hopes for me and I felt like an adult with so many relatives sending me off the night before my departure. My brother had left for America two years earlier and even if I had never been away from my family for just a single night, I was unfazed. I had my brother to count on. I was jolted by culture shock the moment I arrived at the San Francisco airport. Nothing resembled anything that I was used to back in Kabul. The exposure I had had to American culture through the movies I watched back home and through the American friends of my uncles who came to Kabul hardly helped. Although I did well in high school in Afghanistan, I realized that the technical English I knew would not take me far. It was not even sufficient to enable me to convey my ideas correctly. To cope, I used to carry a Dari-English dictionary with me wherever I went. I must have been an unusual sight having to rehearse in my head what I wanted to say and, when at a loss for the right word, I would frantically scan my dictionary. It was so comforting for me whenever the fellow I was speaking to would be considerate enough to wait as I groped for the correct word. It felt so embarrassing to be holding up the line at the grocery store or in the convenience store. The majority would wait sympathetically while a few would show their impatience and irritation by ill-concealed gestures. Basic differences between English and Dari worsened matters. Robson and Lipson highlights the difficulties of Afghans in their observation that â€Å"Dari and Pashto both put direct objects before the verb (John Mary saw), whereas in English, we put direct objects after the verb (John saw Mary). † (Cross-cultural Adjustments and Challenges,Grammar) At the same time, I also had trouble with â€Å"th† sounds, like â€Å"th† as in thank and this, and with the distinction between w and v as in wine and vine. † (Pronunciation) My difficulties with English pronunciation and the frustration I felt when I could not be understood increased my homesickness. It also heightened my awareness of being different, my being a foreigner, my being from another culture. I truly wanted to be assimilated into American culture. Try as I did, my efforts seemed to backfire. Instead of making me blend into American culture, my persistent attempts to speak the English language like an American made me so self-conscious of my â€Å"otherness† that I often had the feeling that I was in effect isolating myself. Fortunately, most Americans I made contact with had the patience to adjust to my language difficulties. Perhaps, the fact that America is the melting pot of almost all cultures around the world made my problems very commonplace. With a lot of people of different nationalities arriving in America as tourists or immigrants, it is no longer uncommon for Americans to encounter people from different cultures. Looking back, I realize that I found strength in being with students from other countries when I started taking English as a Second Language course at Heald College. There were also Asians who, like me, were doing their best to get assimilated in the American way of life. Aside from this motley group of foreign students, the small community of Afghan students in the Bay Area offered some kind of psychological crutch. I was given a lot of advice and tips about how to go about with my new life in America. Their suggestions, though well-meant, ended up confusing me as some turned out to be contradictory. For example, a few advised that I should discreetly try to make inconspicuous my Afghan traits when I am with Americans in order to get assimilated quickly. On the other hand, others would say, it is pointless to hide my Afghan origins as it would always show up in one form or another. I attended school all day and spent the nights and week-ends working as a busboy and then as a waiter in a restaurant close to our apartment. Every Sunday afternoon, an uncle would take me to Alameda City to play volleyball with friends who are mostly Afghans themselves. After the game, we would go to a restaurant and have dinner together. This was a welcome treat for me. In their company, I was able to relax and have a good time. I didn’t have to exert extra effort to reach out to another culture. I felt at home and the feeling of belongingness was such great comfort.

The Whale Rider Essay -- Witi Ihimaera essays research papers

This book really grabbed me right from the beginning of the story. The story begins with the birth of fraternal twins, with the grandfather patiently awaiting the birth of the son. Right away I felt sadness when the mother and one of the twins die. The boy dies and the girl survives. The grandpa seems to not care about the girl who survived . He was longing for his grandson because he is from the Maori tribe and the tribe is waiting for the sign of a new chief to be born . The chief would lead the village and its community to greatness. Many elders have been born but none with the strength to be the next chief. The little girl was named Pai. The grandma of Pai took her home to raise her along with the grandfather. The grandfather showed right away that women or girls where less than a man. He longed for a new chief . This was grandpas goal in life right now. He could see that their tribe was going down hill .He had hoped one of his son’s would become the chief but neither one did. So grandpa was set on his grandson becoming the next chief  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .It was no secret that he blamed Pia for the death of his grandson. He felt by her birth she gave a curse to the tribe. He couldn’t see any truth or purpose in her having life over the grandson. He showed resentment toward her. As time went on , Pia seemed to be this stubborn, curious, and smart little tomboy . The grandfather didn’t like that pia was a tomboy . He wanted her to stay away from a...

The Human Resource Management

This paper is written from the perspective that Human Resource Management (HRM) practices are continually evolving to meet the changes of dynamic work environments. New technologies, increasingly rapid exchanges of information, social paradigm shifts and the restructuring of family systems contribute heavily to the need to find and apply methods of HRM that meet the needs of industry, workers and consumers. To do so effectively, vision and creativity are required in addition to on-going awareness of the bottom line. At the opening of the 20th century, the majority of jobs in America were held in two areas, agriculture and industry. Population distribution tables for that time demonstrate that most of the nation inhabited rural areas rather than urban areas. This continued to be the trend up until WWII, when men left the country to fight and women left rural America to fill factory jobs as their contribution to the war effort. This movement was the beginning of nationwide workplace and societal changes that have accelerated during the last half of the 20th century. The move from rural to suburban environments changed the way we did business as a nation. Where extended families resided in and supported each other in culturally defined rural settings, nuclear families found themselves alone in homogenous neighborhoods. (1) This created a demand for goods and services that were formerly provided by extended family and community members, opening up new markets and creating jobs. It also created the need to recognize the management of workers as a separate and formal discipline. As we move into the 21st century we can trace our nations† business growth over the last 100 years. We moved from an agrarian base to an industrial one. By the mid-50s† the majority of jobs were found in factories. Manufacturing suffered heavy blows during the late 60†³s and early seventies and was displaced by the service industry. With the closing of the 20th century those services have become increasingly technological. Surviving those changes requires adaptation, not only in the retooling of physical plants and the retraining workers, but also in the way we manage those workers. Some feel that there appears to be an underlying theme in books and papers on the subject of HRM, that there is only one correct way to manage people. (2) Maslow on Management offers a much different approach, demonstrating conclusively that one size does not fit all; i.e., that different people need to be managed differently. HMR models operating on the assumption that there is a single right way to manage people are using workplace criteria that are quickly becoming a thing of the past. The â€Å"one way† model views people working for an organization as employees who work full time and are solely dependent on that organization for their livelihood and their careers. These employees generally were viewed as subordinates with limited or very narrow skill sets. (3) These images of the worker may have been valid several decades ago. However, today every one of these images has become insupportable. While the majority of people working for an organization may be classified as employees, a very large and steadily growing minority – by working for the organization – no longer work as employees, but instead as outsource contractors. The concept of subordinate positions is fading as well, even in those areas that are considered fairly low level. As technology becomes increasingly more complex special knowledge is required in all operations. Subordinates, increasing their skill sets, become associates. The secretary, with knowledge of specialized software, becomes the Administrative Assistant. In order for the organization to run smoothly, the individual who does his job well, often has more knowledge about his job than his boss. (4) For example, the vice president of marketing may know a great deal about selling, but nothing about market research, pricing, packaging, service, or sales forecasting. Workers in these positions may report to the vice president, but are often experts in their own areas. Formerly, lower technological expectations and a firmly established hierarchy allowed general managers to delegate narrowly defined personnel responsibilities to those functioning as specialists. Today however, such practices would be inefficient to the point of being considered static, and must be replaced. To fail to do so would be to ignore and fail to address the many unprecedented pressures that demand a comprehensive and more strategic view in relation to the organizations† human resources. From the view point of General Management, what does the organization need? The General Mangement picture of HRM is viewed from a global perspective, as demonstrated by a survey of Fortune 500 CEOs in 1989. The results of that survey determined that effective management of Human Resources must address corporate needs in the eight following areas: 1. Increasing international competition makes the need for greatly improved human production mandatory. The crisis experienced in both the automobile and steel industries serve as clear illustrations. Foreign management practices, particularly Japanese management models, are being used to guide developing HRM techniques, especially those that seem to increase employee commitment while providing companies with a long term source of workers with necessary competencies and skills. 2. As organizations increase in size and complexity layer upon layer of management has resulted in expensive, but not particularly effective, bureaucracies. Multiple layers of management also serve to isolate workers from the competitive environment in which organizations operate as well as company policy makers. It†s hoped that a reduction of middle management layering will put workers closer to the competitive environment, fostering commitment to the organization as well as sharpening the competitive edge. Multinational companies have additional challenges in managing human resources, and need to adapt policies to work within diverse cultures and vastly different social values. 3. Some companies may face declining markets or slower growth, handicapping the organizations† ability to offer advancement opportunities and job security. How then to attract and retrain a competent and highly skilled work force? 4. Greater government involvement in human resource practices generates a need to re-examine HRM policies and mandates the development of new policies. For example, the Americans with Disabilities Act forced the revision of HRM policies in companies across the nation. 5. America†s workforce has become increasingly more educated making it necessary to rethink assumptions about employee capabilities and the delegation of responsibilities. Under utilization of employee talent is a major cause of workforce turnover. 6. Expectations and the values of the workforce are changing, particularly those values and expectations relative to authority. This fosters a need to reexamine how much involvement and influence workers should be given. Means of voicing employee concerns and addressing those concerns with due process need to be provided. 7. As workers become more concerned with life and career satisfaction corporations are revisiting traditional career paths and seeking more alternative career paths that take into consideration employee lifestyle needs. 8. Demographic shifts in the workforce, particularly the infusion of women and minorities into organizations, are causing corporations to reexamine all policies, practices and values that impact the treatment, responsibilities, and advancement of these groups. (5) How do universal General Management issues affect HRM departments and practices? While narrower in scope than those concerns voiced by General Management, impact areas identified by HRM professionals closely mirrored major corporate needs identified by General Managers. Human Resource professionals, in an effort to meet the needs of both worker and organization, have examined ways to ensure a desired working environment while increasing productivity. In the early 1990s, the advisory board of the Commerce Clearing House were asked to identify the issues that they felt would shape the role of human resource functions in the next decade. Commerce Clearing House advisory board members saw four main HRM areas where current issues would influence the role of the human resource function in the near future: compensation; communication and personnel practices; employment relations; and Equal Employment Opprtunity requirments. (6) Compensation issues focused on the diversity of worker needs, pay-for-performance plans, and the regulation of employee benefit plans. Flexibility and adaptability in HRM practices are primary keys in addressing worker needs. Job sharing, staggered scheduling and flex time are some of the outcomes generated by creative approaches to HRM practices. Pay-for-performance plans hold the allure of rewarding productivity while providing monetary motivation. Successful implementation of such practices, however, require effective performance evaluations. To attempt such compensation without valid, reliable, and standard assessment instruments is to court litigation. Fairness is a national concern strongly affecting human resource managers. Personnell plansfocused soley on organizational needs must be abandoned to benefit workers and organizations alike. One example is the growing social phenomena of two career couples. As the numbers increase nepotism policies must be reexamined. Managing change and preparing people for change also require HRM professionals to rethink policy. New demands for an increase in functions such as retraining evolve as workers move through change. Training and professional development are crucial in all areas of operation. Even the lowest clerk needs to stay abreast of the latest innovations brought on by technical advancement. The march of technology, however, not only changes jobs, it makes some of them redundant or obsolete. In an era of company reconfiguration it becomes apparent that layoffs and divestirtures will occur when retraining isn't an option. Outplacement policies must be considered and developed in preparation of the need. HRM professionals also understand the need for the development of effective HR auditing instruments to measure employee perceptions of management fairness and the climate for effective communication within the company. The information obtained by employee attitude surveys can be greatly beneficial to supervisors, but only if they've been trained to use it. (7) The legal environment of personnell management is many fingered and quite comprehensive. In addition to regulations stemming from the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), passed in 1970, HRM is greatly affected by the broad umbrella of Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) regulation. As well as protecting workers form discrimination based on race, color, or creed, EEO serves workers in many other areas. Age discrimination also falls under this umbrella. With an increasing number of age discrimination suits, organizations need to develp a sensitvity to age issues and policy specific to older employees. A recent off shoot of EEO is the American with Disablities Act (ADA). ADA has created a need for new policies and procedures in accommidating employees with handicaps and disabilities. The emerging legal view that Acquired Immune Deficiancy Syndrome (AIDS) is a handicap brings policy questions about AIDS testing to the forefront. There is great potential for conflict in providing for the needs of other employees and creates an HRM channel that must be carefully navigated. Benefit plans that are regulated by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) require special attention. Companies must be prepared to provide resources that not only offer such plans but also impeccably manage those employee benefit plans. Failure to do so will lead to subsequent suits by employees challenging plans that are out of compliance with ERISA disclosure, reporting and fiduciary standards are problematic. Governemnt regulation is also partly responsible for shifting attention from union group representation to regulations and policies that emphasize the rights of individual employees. It is mandatory that this factor be taken into consideration in personnel planning and policy making. The role of unions as bargaining units is on the decline and will continue to diminish as bargaining relationships become increasingly stable. This translates to decreased strike activity and fewer actions filed with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). While that is a positive outcome the trade-off must be recognized, prepared and accounted for. While businesses will see fewer strikes, they can expect to see increasing numbers of employment-at-will and wrongful discharge suits. An additional considertion affects employers who contract temporary employees. This practice is experiencing an increasing number of suits by temporary employees alleging unlawful activity. This surely influences staffing policy decisions. It should come as no surprise that such pressures have created the need for a greater emphasis on the human aspect of business. With something so seemingly obvious the qustion is why hasn't this human aspect been addressed before? It may be due, in part, to the tendency to educate, develop, and train managers to fixate on analytical and technical aspects while assuming that â€Å"business as usual† in dealing with employees was sufficient to promote productivity. So why are companies now hoping to find solutions to business problems in the human side of enterprise? The answer lies in part to growing societal pressures. Concern over the condition of blue-color jobs in the 1930s, as well as civil rights and equal opportunity legislation in the 1960s and 1970s, has paved the way to revamping HRM policies to recognize and respond to shifting social values. More simply put, other approaches to improve employee productivity and organizational effectiveness haven†t worked. (9) The area of single most impact on worker performance lies outside of the work environment. Family needs are the primary cause of absenteeism, tardiness, and lower productivity. (9) The here are several factors creating this phenomena. First there is the steady flow of women into the work place. In 1970, 20.2% of women worked outside the home. That figure grew to 73.8% in 1995. The increase in two career couples has assisted families in reaching financial stability and filled a need for personal satisfaction. It has also, however, created a void in care giving that was traditionally a woman†s role. Another major cause of family issues impact is the increasing number of single parent homes. Single parent homes have grown from 12% in 1970 to 49.8 % in 1995. (10) As the sole burden of child rearing is placed on a worker, childcare arrangements, school obligations, and childhood illnesses are far more likely to interfere with attendance and productivity. Another social phenomenon, which strains workers and, in turn, disrupts the workplace, is increasing longevity. As the population grows older the phenomena of living longer allows workers the luxury of postponing marriage and having children. It†s relatively common today for couples to postpone their first child until their late thirties or early forties, a time formerly used for the preparation of an empty nest. Instead of retiring to grandparenthood these later in life parents are dealing with teenagers and how to get them through college. A large percentage of the workforce now finds itself in the position of not only having children to care for, but elderly parents as well. Add to the list of family pressures the moral and financial obligation workers must contend with in providing for the wellbeing of two generations. The American worker is now faced with a double whammy in the attempt to meet family needs. When looking at the increasing longevity of the workforce, one must consider that piece of the big picture which has to do with the rate that people retire. It†s estimated that within the next twenty to thirty years the retirement age in developed countries will, by necessity, move up to seventy-nine or so. Seventy-nine, in terms of health and life expectancy, correlates with the age of sixty-five and the health and life expectancies of 1936, when the United States, the last western country to do so, adopted a national retirement plan (Social Security). (11) As America continues to gray, a significant percentage of the work force will develop unprecedented needs that are geriatric in nature, impacting worker expectations of benefit packages. The question facing business in the future is determining what that age and experience are worth in terms of monetary compensation and benefits. This is a dilemma currently being faced by the Armed Forces, with many branches finding themselves to be top heavy with senior officers. The funding resources dedicated to personnel are not distributed in a fashion that attracts and retains military members, seriously jeopardizing the productivity of military organizations. (12) This is relevant in that many private organizations as well as public and government agencies are finding themselves in the same position. Retirement Incentive bonuses have become common place and are a primary tool used by organizations to cull the workforce. Will this remain a viable means of thinning an aging workforce? In addition to family pressures, and salary and benefits needs, there is a growing concern throughout the nation†s work force concerning quality of life. While benefits and compensation are key to employee satisfaction, and therefore productivity, a strong value is placed on the emotional satisfaction one finds professionally. These emotional perks come out of all areas, and are as solid as additional training and added responsibility or as intangible as recognition, appreciation, and creativity. (13) Business must take into account the social implications of such information, as it becomes essential to address staff needs and to determine successful strategies that should surround any HRM policy. The management of human resources centers on a single basic function of the management process: staffing. The HRM professional is charged with matching the right person to the job. While recruitment is an exacting area of HRM, a more significant piece of employee productivity lies in motivation. Motivation methods are key to fashoning successful HRM models. Motivation is a deceptively simple concept but probably one of the most complex components of human resource management. Motivation is simple in terms of human behavior. People are basically motivated or driven to behave in ways that they find rewarding. So the task seems easy; just find out what they want and hold it out as a possible reward or incentive. It becomes complex when trying to find a universal incentive in a very diverse workforce. What has value to worker A may be meaningless to worker B. And what has value at one point in time may become insignificant at another. For example, everyone has a need to eat. A big steak dinner, as an incentive to succesful completion of a task, is motivation – as long as your hungry! Had you just eaten, a steak dinner would hold no interest . An additional factor in the motivation equation has to do with the reality of obtaining the reward. Telling a person that they will be promoted to sales manager if sales in that jurisdiction increase is empty if that task is percevied as virtually inpossible. Two conditions must be met for motivation to occur, according to Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation. First the value of the particular outcome (such as recieving a promotion) is very high for the person and, secondly, the person feels that there is a reasonably good chance of accomplishing the task at hand and obtaining the outcome. This is the process of motivation. (14) Theories of motivation center on a a single basic question: what do people want? Abraham Maslow states that humans have five basic categories of need; physiological, safety, social, ego, and self-actualization. These needs have been arranged in order of there importance to humans. When the basic physiological needs, food, drink, etc., are met, they no longer serve as motivation. Instead, those urges toward safety, i.e., protection and security, become the driving force. Human beings move up this needs ladder as basic needs are met. Frederick Herzberg has divided Maslow's hierarchy into two planes, the lower meeting physiological, safety and social needs, and the higher meeting those needs surrounding ego and self actualization. Herzberg believes that the best motivation lies in satisfying those higher level needs. Based on his studies, Herzberg believes that factors that satisfy lower level needs, which he identifies as hygiene factors, are markedly different from those, reffered to as motivators, that satisfy higher level needs. Herzberg states that if hygeine factors are inadequate workers will become disgruntled, but once satisfied there is no incentive to perform. Therefore, hygiene factors are necesary for preventing dissatisfaction, but very inefficient in encouraging motivation. Job content, however is the source of motivating factors. Opportunities for achievement, recognition, responsibility, and more challenging jobs motivate employees. Motivating factors work because they appeal to higher level needs that are never completly satisfied. According to Herzberg, the best way to motivate employees is to build challenge and opportunities for achievement into their jobs. Herzberg reffers to this method of applying his theory as job enrichment. Basically, job enrichment consists of building motivators like opportunity for achievment into the job by making it more interesting and challenging.